Open Issue: Clitics
Mentors: EmilyBender (ebender at u dot washington dot edu, http://faculty.washington.edu/ebender), JesseTseng
Co-mentors welcome!
Problem Statement
Many of the DELPH-IN languages (all the Romance languages, Modern Greek) display elements traditionally called "clitics". This seems like a fruitful area to explore from the perspective of computational typology. That is, can we develop a general analysis of these phenomena that works well in all of the languages concerned? Can we then abstract it out of the grammars and create a Matrix extension?
Further Extensions
Beyond Romance-style clitics (which are affixes on verbs, but also display interesting phenomena such as clitic climbing) there are also other kinds of clitics (e.g., second position clitics found in many Slavic languages, clitic-auxiliary clusters in Australian languages, Dutch clitic pronouns, etc). The phonological dependence of clitics combined with their syntactic independence often gives rise to interesting challenges in word order, which would seem a fruitful area of research to test the boundaries of our current systems which assume a rather strict mapping between phenogrammatical structure and tectogrammatical structure.
Inventory of possible clitics
- pronominal and pro-PP clitics (Romance, Slavic, Mod Greek, Germanic, ...)
- negation (Romance, Slavic, ...)
- tense/modal auxiliaries (Slavic, English, ...)
- possessive (Mod Greek, ...)
- definite article (Norwegian, Bulgarian, Arabic, ...)
- weak prepositions, complementizers, conjunctions?
English 's, a/an
Dimensions of variation
- word order:
same distribution as corresponding full form? (Zwicky's simple vs special)
- clitic cluster with fixed template?
- special case: "second position" clitics
- identity of host: word or phrase? fixed category or variable?
- degrees of morphosyntactic independence:
- allomorphic variation with host or other clitics
- projection properties (can they be modified? coordinated?)
- wide scope over coordination of hosts
- orthographic considerations: To what extent should our treatment be guided by crazy orthographic conventions?
Existing HPSG Literature
Kupsc, Anna. 2000. An HPSG Grammar of {P}olish Clitics PhD Dissertation, University of Warsaw and Paris VII.
Miller, Philip H. and Ivan A. Sag. 1997. French Clitic Movement without Clitics or Movement. NLLT 15:573-639.
Monachesi, Paola. 1998. Decomposing Italian Clitics. In S. Balari and L. Dini, eds, Romance in HPSG 305-571. CSLI Publications.
Penn, Gerald. 1999. A Generalized-Domain-Based Approach to Serbo-Croatian Second Position Clitic Placement. In G. Bouma et al., eds, Constraints and Resources in Natural Language Syntax and Semantics 119-136. CSLI Publications.